Recently, the relevant departments of the central government jointly issued the "Guidelines for the Implementation of Eco-environment-Oriented Development (EOD) Projects (Trial)", which clearly states that it is necessary to actively and steadily promote the innovation of eco-environment-oriented development (hereinafter referred to as EOD) model, and use market-oriented mechanisms to broaden investment channels for ecological environmental protection and promote the realization of the value of ecological products under the premise of laws and regulations. The EOD model is an innovative model to promote ecological industrialization and industrial ecology, using market-oriented means to design, implement and implement ecological environment governance and industrial development in an integrated manner, so as to internalize the external economy of ecological environment governance, and make useful explorations to solve the "difficult quantity, difficult mortgage, difficult transaction and difficult realization" of ecological products, and provide practical reference for the two-way transformation of "lucid waters and lush mountains" and "golden mountains and silver mountains".
The EOD model organically integrates elements such as the implementation subject, ecological products, and value realization, clarifies "who will do it, what to do, and how to do it", and gives full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. Its main characteristics are embodied in the "three combinations".
The first is the combination of an efficient market and a promising government. Compared with the traditional ecological compensation model, the value realization of ecological products under the EOD model has changed from the government to the project consortium, the value measurement method has changed from the accounting of normative documents such as gross ecosystem product (GEP) to the independent negotiation and pricing of the business entity, and the form of value realization has changed from vertical compensation, horizontal compensation, fiscal and tax subsidies and other government payments to consumers and beneficiaries.
The second is the combination of tangible products and intangible rights and interests, and the ecological products under the EOD model include not only goods such as economic forests, Chinese herbal medicines, and agricultural products that can be seen and touched, but also services such as health preservation, rehabilitation, tourism, cultural tourism and leisure, as well as rights and interests such as emission rights, carbon emission rights, and water rights. For example, through the comprehensive management of the ecological environment in the basin area, the air is cleaned, the water quality is improved, and the soil is improved, while not only producing high value-added and high-efficiency organic agricultural products and animal husbandry products, but also providing high-quality, personalized and characteristic tourism services, but also through the "water quality gambling" and "green carbon sink" and other ways, the transfer of part of the rights and interests of pollutant discharge, carbon emission rights and other rights and interests, to obtain tangible benefits.
The third is the combination of current investment and future value. The EOD model considers the discounting of the expected value. Through the investment of production factors such as manpower, materials, equipment, technology, and capital, the EOD project company deeply participates in the "scheme design, environmental governance, industrial introduction, operation and maintenance, and product transaction" of the project, and gradually completes the "value discovery, value restoration, value creation, value appreciation, and value realization" of ecological products, so that the project and the ecology are closely tied and the value is symbiotic, so that the current factor investment can obtain reasonable returns in the future.
The operation mode of the EOD model is to "match the fat and thin" of ecological environment governance with related industries, so that a good ecological environment can promote the value-added development of the industry, and the industrial development increment will feed back the ecological environment governance. Its related industries are mainly "three types of industries": first, environment-dependent industries. A good environment "gives birth" to good industries, such as ecological agriculture, understory economy, eco-tourism, medical care, leisure and entertainment, cultural and creative industries. For example, when promoting the construction of lake projects, some places will coordinate the coordinated development of ecological environmental protection and cultural tourism, green agriculture, substrate nutrient soil processing, green building materials and other industries, accelerate the integration of water tourism, water agriculture and water engineering, and realize the resource utilization of the ecological environment and the greening of the industrial economy. The second is environmentally sensitive industries. A good environment "nourishes" good industries, such as the construction of industrial parks, digital economy, clean medicine, precision instruments and other industries. Another example is that some places use operating income such as cultural creativity, high-tech, life and health, financial services, and regional fiscal incremental income to achieve feedback on ecological environment governance and supporting facilities construction projects. The third is the environmental remodeling industry. Green industries "reshape" ecosystems, such as the development of photovoltaics, planting, breeding and processing in deserts, Gobi, deserts and other regions. Through the development of desert wind, solar, hydrogen storage and chemical integration projects and modern and efficient agriculture projects, the Kubuqi Desert Governance Project organically combines new energy industry, desert ecological management and modern agriculture and animal husbandry to achieve the multiple benefits of "(photovoltaic) on-board power generation, under-panel planting, inter-plate breeding, sand control and soil reform, ecological remodeling, and industrial green transformation".
At present, all sectors of society are paying close attention to the EOD model. In practice, due to the lack of thorough understanding of the policy and insufficient overall planning of the implementing entity, some projects are large, chaotic and rigidly matched, and there are shortcomings and weaknesses such as incomplete implementation foundation, unclear project boundaries, insignificant environmental benefits, and insignificant feedback characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the problem-oriented and "three-color" principle, and focus on planning high-quality projects with high industrial relevance, good implementation foundation, small and beautiful, so as to make the EOD model more perfect, efficient and sustainable.
The first is to insist on building a "green" foundation. A good ecological environment is the most beneficial to people's livelihood and well-being, and EOD projects should take environment (E) as the "starting point". It is necessary to focus on supporting projects such as pollution prevention and control, ecological protection, and collaborative management of pollution reduction and carbon reduction with strong public welfare and high inclusiveness, and do not include projects that only directly improve environmental quality such as river dredging, water system connectivity, landscape architecture, and slope management.
The second is to insist on excavating "distinctive" industries. Industry is the foundation of development, and EOD projects should focus on industrial development (D). It is necessary to comprehensively consider the differences in the development stage, historical inheritance, resource endowment, and environmental bearing of the region, cultivate and develop strategic emerging industries such as new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and environmental and health industries such as tourism and health care, folk culture, and agricultural products with geographical indications, so as to shape the industrial competitive advantage of "no one has me, no one has me, and no one has me".
The third is to insist on condensing the "golden" experience. Ecological environmental protection and economic development are dialectically unified and complementary to each other, and EOD projects should be based on the integration of environment (E) and development (D). It is necessary to strengthen the follow-up research of the project, deeply analyze the project design, operation mode, return mechanism, etc., and summarize the successful experience that can be replicated and promoted. At the same time, we will build a bridge of communication for the ongoing projects, and provide a convenient platform for mutual learning and mutual exchange for the same type of EOD projects in different regional watersheds, different natural endowments, and different implementation stages.