China's marine ecological and environmental protection
directory
preface
1. Build a harmonious marine ecological environment between people and sea
2. Coordinate and promote marine ecological and environmental protection
(1) Planning guidance
(2) Protection according to law
(3) Institutional guarantees
3. Systematically manage the marine ecological environment
(1) Comprehensive management of key sea areas
(2) Collaborative control of land-based pollution
(3) Accurately prevent and control maritime pollution
(4) Strive to create a beautiful bay
4. Scientifically carry out marine ecological protection and restoration
(1) Build a strong marine ecological barrier
(2) Implementing marine ecological restoration
(3) Strictly adhere to the defense line of marine disasters
(4) Carry out a demonstration of the creation of Hemei Islands
(5) Building ecological coastal zones
5. Strengthen the supervision and management of the marine ecological environment
(1) Implement space use control and environmental zoning control
(2) Conduct monitoring and investigation
(3) Strict supervision and law enforcement
(4) Strengthen assessment and supervision
6. Improve the level of marine green and low-carbon development
(1) Promote efficient use of marine resources
(2) Strengthen the green background of the marine economy
(3) Exploring the realization of the value of ecological products
(4) Carry out green and low-carbon national actions
7. Carry out all-round international cooperation in marine ecological and environmental protection
(1) Actively fulfill the contract and participate in global governance
(2) Expand the "circle of friends" for maritime cooperation
(3) Expand cooperation in deep-sea polar scientific research
(4) Carry out extensive foreign aid training
concluding remarks
preface
The ocean accounts for about 71% of the earth's surface area and is the cradle of life and the source of human civilization. The marine ecological environment is related to the earth's ecological balance and rational utilization of resources, to the sustainable development of human civilization, and to the reality and future of a community with a shared future for the ocean. Protecting the marine ecological environment plays an important role in ensuring national ecological security, promoting sustainable marine development, and achieving harmonious coexistence between people and sea. Firmly protecting and improving the marine environment and protecting and sustainably utilizing marine resources are the common responsibility and mission of all countries.
China is a staunch promoter and active actor in marine ecological and environmental protection. Protecting the marine ecological environment is related to the construction of a beautiful China and a maritime power. Over the years, China has adhered to ecological priority and systematic governance, coordinated the relationship between development and protection, supported high-quality development with high-level protection, and strived to build a harmonious marine ecological environment between people and sea.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important expositions on marine ecological and environmental protection, emphasizing that "we must care for the ocean as we treat life." Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, China has adapted to the new situation, new tasks, and new requirements of marine ecological and environmental protection, carried out a series of fundamental, groundbreaking, and long-term work, and promoted the protection of marine ecological and environmental has undergone a historic, turning point, and overall changes. Through unremitting efforts, the overall quality of China's marine ecological environment has improved, the ecosystem service functions of local sea areas have been significantly improved, marine resources have been developed and utilized in an orderly manner, the marine ecological and environmental governance system has been continuously improved, and the people have a sense of gain, happiness, and security in the sea. Significantly improved, marine ecological and environmental protection work has achieved remarkable results. China actively promotes international cooperation in marine environmental protection, effectively fulfills its responsibilities and obligations under international conventions, proposes China's solutions and contributes China's strength to global marine environmental governance, demonstrating the actions and responsibilities of a responsible major country.
In order to introduce the concept, practice and effectiveness of China's marine ecological and environmental protection, enhance the international community's understanding and understanding of China's marine ecological and environmental protection, and promote international cooperation in marine ecological and environmental protection, this white paper is issued.
1. Build a harmonious marine ecological environment between people and sea
The marine industry is related to the survival and development of the nation and to the prosperity and security of the country. Protecting the marine ecological environment is related to building a modernization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously. China fully implements the new development concept, attaches great importance to marine ecological and environmental protection, based on basic national conditions and development stages, continuously deepens its understanding of marine ecological and environmental protection, continues to improve the marine ecological and environmental protection system, and accelerates the construction of marine ecological civilization.
After the founding of New China, with the continuous development of the marine industry, China attached great importance to marine ecological and environmental issues and paid close attention to marine ecological and environmental protection. After the establishment of the State Oceanic Administration in 1964, China's marine ecological environment management system was gradually established. The promulgation of the Marine Environmental Protection Law in 1982 marked that China's marine environmental protection undertakings entered the legal track. In 1999, the Marine Environmental Protection Law was revised to promote the transformation of marine environmental protection from focusing on pollution prevention and control to taking into account ecological protection. China has formulated the "China Ocean Agenda 21", implemented the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and promoted the systematic and professional development of marine ecological and environmental protection. In 2023, the Marine Environmental Protection Law will be revised again to achieve a systematic transformation to land and sea coordination and comprehensive management.
Based on enhancing the synergy of land and sea pollution prevention and the integrity of ecological and environmental protection, China has incorporated marine ecological and environmental protection into the national ecological and environmental protection system, gradually opened up land and ocean, strengthened the overall coordination of land and sea ecological and environmental protection functions, and established and improved land and sea coordination. Marine ecological and environmental governance system. By continuing to strengthen the prevention and control of marine environmental pollution, actively carrying out marine ecological protection and restoration, and deepening the battle for comprehensive management of key sea areas, China's marine environment quality has been greatly improved, local sea area ecosystem service functions have been significantly improved, resources have been developed and utilized in an orderly manner and the marine economy. The green transformation process has accelerated significantly.
China's marine ecological and environmental protection undertakings develop while inheriting, innovate while exploring, and strive to build a marine ecological environment where people and sea are harmonious.
--Adhere to respecting nature and giving priority to ecology. Firmly establish the concepts of respecting nature, complying with nature, and protecting nature, objectively understand the natural laws of marine ecosystems, and proceed from the succession and internal mechanisms of marine ecosystems, strive to improve the self-regulation, self-purification, and self-recovery capabilities of marine ecosystems, and enhance ecosystems. System stability and ecological service functions. Adhere to bottom-line thinking and ecological priority, incorporate the construction of marine ecological civilization into the overall layout of marine development, build a solid marine ecological and environmental protection barrier, scientifically and rationally develop and utilize marine resources, and promote harmony between people and the sea.
--Adhere to integrated protection and system governance. Marine ecological and environmental protection is a systematic project. China adheres to the system concept and overall planning, adheres to equal emphasis on development and protection, and simultaneously promotes pollution prevention and ecological restoration, and coordinates land and sea to promote marine ecological and environmental protection. Adhere to the linkage of rivers and seas and mutual assistance between mountains and seas, open up onshore waters, land and oceans, and upstream and downstream river basins, build a cooperation mechanism for protection, governance, supervision and law enforcement with regional linkage and departmental coordination, and explore the establishment of a comprehensive management system that coordinates coastal areas, river basins, and sea areas.
--Adhere to laws and regulations and strict supervision. China protects the marine ecological environment with the strictest system and strictest rule of law. Adhere to governing the sea in accordance with the law, coordinate and promote the formulation and revision of relevant laws and regulations, establish a legal system for marine ecological and environmental protection, and implement the strictest marine ecological and environmental governance system. Strengthen the normalization and full-process supervision and management of marine ecological environment zoning control, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, assessment and inspection, etc., give full play to the sharp sword role of the central ecological and environmental protection inspection and the supervisory role of the national natural resources inspection, strike hard, crack down on acts that destroy the marine ecological environment.
--Adhere to innovation-driven and technology-led. China adheres to innovation-driven development, strengthens marine ecological and environmental protection technical system, monitoring and evaluation, and institutional innovation, makes scientific decisions, implements precise policies, and promotes the digital and intelligent transformation and upgrading of marine ecological and environmental protection. Implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the sea through science and technology", give full play to the leading role of science and technology in marine ecological and environmental protection, strive to break through the scientific and technological bottlenecks that restrict marine ecological and environmental protection and high-quality development of the marine economy, and use various means by land, sea, air and sky to improve marine ecological environment monitoring, governance, supervision, emergency response capabilities and technical levels.
--Adhere to green transformation and low-carbon development. The blue sea and silver beach are also green waters, green mountains, and mountains of gold and silver. China adheres to the concept of green development, explores marine green development paths, promotes the transformation of marine development methods to recycling, vigorously develops green industries such as eco-tourism and ecological fisheries, continuously expands the path to realize the value of ecological products, and promotes coastal areas with high-level protection of the marine ecological environment. Regional economic development and high-quality life creation. Based on the "double carbon" strategic goal and taking pollution reduction and carbon reduction as the starting point, we will coordinate to promote the increase of foreign exchange and emission reduction in the marine sector, develop new green and low-carbon economic formats such as marine ranches and offshore wind power, promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the marine industry, and accelerate Promote sustainable development of marine green and low-carbon.
--Adhere to government-led and pluralistic co-governance. Adhere to the government's leading position in marine ecological and environmental protection, play a key role in system design, scientific planning, regulatory services, risk prevention, etc., and establish a marine ecological and environmental protection working mechanism in which the central government coordinates, provinces assume overall responsibility, and cities and counties implement it. Activate business entities, transaction elements and social capital to participate in marine ecological and environmental protection, create a sustainable marine environmental protection and ecological restoration model, and the whole society will work together and govern in multiple ways, and strive to build a modern marine ecological and environmental governance system with party committee leadership, government leadership, enterprise entities, and social organizations. and the public participation.
--Adhere to the supremacy of the people and the participation of the whole people. China adheres to the principle of benefiting the people with ecology, benefiting the people with ecology, and serving the people, constantly meets the people's new expectations for a good ecological environment, effectively solves outstanding marine ecological environment problems, continuously improves sea-friendly quality, and strives to allow the people to eat green, safe and assured seafood, enjoy the blue sea, blue sky, clean beaches, and continuously enhance the people's sense of gain, happiness and security from being close to the sea. Adhere to serving and relying on the people, carry forward the marine ecological culture of harmonious coexistence between people and sea, form a consensus and awareness of action for all people to actively participate in marine ecological and environmental protection, and create a new pattern of co-construction, co-governance, and sharing of marine ecological and environmental protection.
--Adhere to the world in mind and win-win cooperation. China upholds the concept of a community with a shared future for the ocean, and with an open mind, an inclusive mentality, and a broad perspective, shares weal and woe with people around the world, jointly responds to the challenges of the marine ecological environment, resolutely safeguards the common interests of mankind, and leaves a blue sea and blue sky for future generations. Adhere to the principles of mutual trust, mutual assistance and mutual benefit, promote international cooperation in marine ecological and environmental protection, share the fruitful results of protection and development, and contribute Chinese wisdom and strength to the joint construction of a clean and beautiful ocean.
2. Coordinate and promote marine ecological and environmental protection
China attaches great importance to the construction of marine ecological civilization and the protection of marine ecological environment, strengthens top-level design, adheres to planning guidance, strengthens overall coordination, establishes and improves laws, regulations and institutional systems, continuously improves systems and mechanisms, and promotes the smooth development of marine ecological and environmental protection.
(1) Planning guidance
Based on the new situation, new tasks and new requirements of marine ecological and environmental protection, China is based on the national economic and social development plan and is linked with the land spatial plan. It has formulated special plans for marine ecological and environmental protection and plans in related fields to lead various aspects of marine ecological and environmental protection.
Systematically plan marine ecological and environmental protection work. Planning related to marine ecological and environmental protection is the basic basis for guiding the implementation of marine ecological and environmental protection and promoting the construction of marine ecological civilization. The national economic and social development plan makes strategic arrangements for marine ecological and environmental protection. The national land and space plan makes overall arrangements for building a marine spatial pattern in which land and sea are coordinated and people are harmonious, and provides spatial strategic guidance for the protection of marine ecological environment in the sea areas under its jurisdiction. In recent years, China has issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological and Environmental Protection" to explore the establishment of a new hierarchical management system of "national, provincial, municipal, and bay", promote the formation of a new comprehensive management pattern with the bay as the basic unit and action carrier, and lead the new era of marine ecological and environmental protection work; The "14th Five-Year Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation in the Field of Ecological Environment","14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Protection Supervision","14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Environment Monitoring" and "National Marine Dumping Area Plan (2021-2025)" were promulgated to guide scientific and technological innovation in marine ecological and environmental protection, marine ecological protection and restoration supervision, marine ecological environment monitoring and evaluation, marine dumping management, etc., and provide solid support for comprehensively strengthening marine ecological and environmental protection.
The spatial layout of marine development and protection that adheres to the principle of ecological priority. Marine space is the basic carrier for protecting and restoring marine ecosystems, coordinating marine development and utilization activities, and implementing various tasks of marine governance. Marine space planning is an important tool for coordinating various marine space development and protection activities. Various types of spatial plans such as the "National Marine Functional Zoning","National Marine Main Functional Area Plan" and "National Island Protection Plan" have been issued successively, playing an active role in the protection and rational utilization of sea areas and islands by types at different stages. After the overall deployment of "integrating multiple planning" was made in 2018, the "Several Opinions on Establishing a Land and Space Planning System and Supervise its Implementation" was issued, and the "National Land and Space Planning Outline" was issued.(2021-2035)", compiled the" Spatial Planning for Coastal Zones and Inshore Waters (2021-2035)", successively implemented land spatial planning at all levels in coastal areas, formed a marine spatial planning system that coordinates land and sea, and strengthened land, sea and air Coordination, continuously deepened the comprehensive management of coastal zones based on ecosystems, and made overall arrangements for the protection, restoration, development and utilization of coastlines, sea areas, and islands.
Promote protection and restoration in an orderly manner. Under the spatial guidance of land spatial planning, in order to coordinate the planning and design of the protection and restoration of important ecosystems in offshore and coastal areas, China formulated and implemented the "Coastal Zone Ecological Protection and Restoration Major Project Construction Plan" for the first time.(2021-2035)", with improving the quality and stability of coastal zone ecosystems and enhancing coastal zone ecosystem services as the core, forming an overall pattern of major coastal zone ecological protection and restoration projects with" one belt, two corridors, six districts and multiple points "; With the goal of improving the diversity, stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems, the "14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration" and "Special Action Plan for Mangrove Protection and Restoration" were issued.(2020-2025)"," Special Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Spartina alterniflora (2022-2025)", etc., scientific and reasonable layout, local conditions, zoning and classified policies, and coordinate the promotion of marine ecological protection and restoration during the" 14th Five-Year Plan "period. Protection and restoration, Spartina alterniflora prevention and control and other work, form a marine ecological protection and restoration planning system, and coordinate the promotion of integrated protection and restoration.
(2) Protection according to law
Relying on the rule of law is the fundamental basis for marine ecological and environmental protection. China has improved the legal and regulatory system for marine ecological and environmental protection, strengthened judicial administration, carried out legal popularization, created a good atmosphere for the whole society to respect, learn, abide by and use the law, and promoted the operation of marine ecological and environmental protection on the track of the rule of law.
Establish and improve the marine ecological and environmental protection legal system. China attaches great importance to marine ecological and environmental protection legislation and has issued a series of relevant laws and regulations. In 1982, the Marine Environmental Protection Law was promulgated. It has undergone two revisions and three revisions. It has continuously adapted to the new situation and requirements and kept pace with the times. It is a comprehensive law in the field of national marine environmental protection. Focusing on the Marine Environmental Protection Law, 7 administrative regulations including the Marine Dumping Management Regulations, more than 10 departmental rules and more than 100 normative documents have been formulated, more than 200 technical standards and specifications have been issued, and a legal and regulatory system for marine ecological and environmental protection has been basically established. In addition to the special Marine Environmental Protection Law, other important laws also make relevant provisions. For example, the Sea Area Use Management Law and the Island Protection Law stipulate the sustainable use of sea areas and islands, the protection and improvement of the ecological environment, and the Wetland Protection Law and the Fisheries Law stipulate the protection of coastal wetlands and fishery resources. The Yangtze River Protection Law and the Yellow River Protection Law stipulate the planning, monitoring, and restoration of estuaries. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have issued and implemented local regulations or government regulations on marine ecological and environmental protection, and Guangxi, Hainan and other places have specially legislated to protect coastal beaches and rare animal and plant resources.
Do a good job in judicial protection of the marine ecological environment. The court has actively explored the practice of judicial protection of the marine environment. Since 1984, it has tried more than 5000 civil disputes over the marine environment of various types. Since 2015, the Maritime Court has concluded more than 1000 administrative litigation cases involving the marine environment, exploring jurisdiction over criminal cases such as pollution of the marine environment, illegal sand mining at sea, and illegal harvesting of precious and endangered aquatic wild animals. On the basis of summarizing and exploring practical experience, China has gradually formed a "three-in-one" marine environmental protection judicial system of criminal, civil and administrative litigation, as well as a marine environmental public interest litigation system with Chinese characteristics, building a solid judicial defense line for marine ecological and environmental protection.
Carry out legal popularization of marine ecological and environmental protection. Through various forms such as holding press conferences, holding lectures and training, media publicity, knowledge competitions, and distributing promotional materials, we have promoted and popularized sea-related laws and regulations such as sea areas, islands, marine environmental protection, and maritime fishing vessel management. Some areas have adopted VR (Virtual Reality) Experience, interactive games, and micro-movies have innovatively popularized marine ecological and environmental protection laws and regulations, with remarkable results. Increase publicity to coastal areas, sea-related enterprises and the public, urge local governments to protect and use sea areas scientifically and rationally, urge sea-related enterprises to fulfill their responsibilities, guide the public to raise awareness of marine laws and regulations, and let more sea-related units and the public understand the ocean, protect the ocean, and care for the ocean.
(3) Institutional guarantees
Establish a series of marine ecological and environmental protection systems, basically realize the overall connection of land and marine management systems and mechanisms, gradually improve the marine ecological and environmental protection management system, and continuously improve the effectiveness of marine ecological and environmental governance.
Establish the "four beams and eight pillars" of the protection system. China attaches great importance to the use of systems to protect the marine ecological environment, standardize the development and utilization of marine resources, and establish the "four beams and eight pillars" of the marine ecological and environmental protection system based on practice and in accordance with the law. In terms of pollution prevention and control, establish systems such as filing of sewage outlets into the sea, environmental assessment approval, marine dumping permits, and emergency response; in terms of ecological protection and restoration, establish systems such as marine ecological protection red lines, natural protected areas, and natural shoreline control; In terms of supervision and management, establish systems such as land and space use control, ecological environment zoning control, central ecological and environmental protection inspection, national natural resources inspection, target responsibility system, assessment and evaluation, and monitoring and investigation; In terms of green development, systems such as marine ecological protection compensation, fishing quotas and fishing permits, and paid use of sea areas have been established.
Form a management system of "departmental coordination and linkage between upper and lower levels". After years of construction and development, China's marine ecological and environmental protection management system has experienced a development process from scratch, from weak to strong. In 2018, the institutional reform of the State Council integrated the responsibilities of marine environmental protection into the ecological environment department, the responsibilities of marine protection, restoration and development and utilization into the natural resources department, and the transportation, maritime affairs, fisheries, forestry and grass, coast police, military and other departments in accordance with their respective functions. Participate in marine ecological and environmental protection work, open up land and ocean, and enhance the synergy of land and sea pollution prevention and the integrity of ecological and environmental protection. Establish ecological environment supervision agencies in the North Sea of the Haihe River Basin, the South Sea of the Pearl River Basin, and the East Sea of the Taihu Lake Basin to undertake work related to marine ecological environment supervision. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) assume specific responsibilities for ecological environment management in coastal waters, and implement key tasks, major projects and important measures to promote marine ecological environment protection and governance. Over the years, China has formed a working mechanism for marine ecological and environmental protection with multi-department coordination and central and local linkage, and has initially established a comprehensive management system that coordinates coastal areas, river basins, and sea areas.
3. Systematically manage the marine ecological environment
Adhere to the simultaneous development of key key problems and systematic governance, coordinate land and sea, and link rivers and seas, carry out marine ecological environment management, and continuously improve the quality of the marine ecological environment.
(1) Comprehensive management of key sea areas
Key sea areas such as the Bohai Sea, Yangtze River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, and Pearl River Estuary are located in strategic intersection areas for high-quality development of China's coastal areas. They have developed economies, dense populations, and high intensity of marine development and utilization. The regional marine ecological environment has obvious characteristics and relatively concentrated and prominent problems. It is a key area for marine ecological and environmental management, and it is crucial to implement comprehensive management.
Fight well and win the battle for comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Sea is China's semi-enclosed inland sea with poor seawater exchange capacity and insufficient self-purification capacity. Since 2018, China has launched the first battle to prevent and control pollution in the marine field, making the battle for comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea one of the landmark battles in the "13th Five-Year Plan" battle to prevent and control pollution. In accordance with the "one year planning layout, two years overall momentum," The overall deployment of "initial results in three years" focuses on the "1+12" cities around the Bohai Sea, focusing on the excellent proportion of water quality in coastal waters, the "elimination" of rivers entering the sea, and the investigation and rectification of sewage outlets entering the sea. The five core goals of coastal wetlands and shoreline remediation and restoration work together to promote the key tasks of "pollution control, ecological protection, and risk prevention". After three years of tough work, all the core goals and tasks of comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea have been completed with high quality, initially curbing the deterioration trend of the Bohai Sea's ecological environment and promoting the continuous improvement of the Bohai Sea's ecological environment quality. In 2020, the proportion of areas with excellent water quality (Class I and Class II) in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea will reach 82.3%, a significant increase of 15.3 percentage points from 2017 before the implementation of the tough battle. The state-controlled sections of 49 rivers around the Bohai Sea will completely eliminate inferior Class V water quality. A total of 8891 hectares of coastal wetlands and 132 kilometers of coastline have been renovated and restored.
Comprehensively carry out the battle for comprehensive management of key sea areas. Starting from 2021, on the basis of consolidating and deepening the results of the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea, China will expand the scope of the tough battle to the Yangtze River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay and Pearl River Estuary adjacent waters, as a landmark battle for the "14th Five-Year Plan" to deepen the battle against pollution. First, we will systematically deploy 8 coastal provinces (cities) and 24 coastal cities in the three key sea areas, adhere to precise pollution control, scientific pollution control, and pollution control in accordance with the law, and thoroughly implement comprehensive management and systematic management that coordinate land and sea. At the source, various key tasks are progressing smoothly and remarkable results have been achieved in stages. The overall water quality in key sea areas is improving. In 2023, the proportion of areas with excellent water quality (Class I and Class II) in the Bohai Sea, Yangtze River Estuary-Hangzhou Bay, and Pearl River Estuary will be 67.5%, an increase of 8.8 percentage points from 2020.
(2) Collaborative control of land-based pollution
Marine environmental problems are manifested in the sea and rooted in the land. China has taken effective measures to promote the coordinated management of land-based pollution, control key channels through which pollutants are transmitted to the ocean, and reduce the overall pressure of land-based pollution on the marine environment.
We will do a good job in preventing and controlling pollution in rivers entering the sea. Rivers entering the sea are the most important way for land-based pollutants to be imported into the ocean. China actively improves the quality and efficiency of urban sewage treatment, builds and renovates rainwater and sewage diversion pipe networks, strengthens supervision of the sewage treatment industry, and reduces the impact of urban production and domestic sewage on the water quality of rivers entering the sea. Since 2012, the construction of sewage treatment infrastructure in coastal areas has been significantly accelerated, and urban sewage treatment plants at or above prefecture level have basically completed the first-level A upgrading and renovation. To carry out rural environmental improvement, since the "14th Five-Year Plan", coastal provinces have completed comprehensive environmental improvement in 17,000 new administrative villages, and compiled and completed livestock and poultry breeding pollution prevention and control plans in 170 major animal husbandry counties. The rural domestic sewage treatment rate has exceeded 45%, significantly reducing agricultural and rural sewage discharge. Efforts will be made to solve the problem of water pollution and eutrophication in coastal waters with excessive nitrogen emissions in river basins, establish a comprehensive management system integrating coastal areas, river basins and sea areas, explore expanding the scope of total nitrogen control to the upper reaches of rivers entering the sea, and promote the implementation of "one river" in rivers entering the sea. One policy "total nitrogen management. 2012-2017 In 2018, the overall water quality of state-controlled sections of China's rivers entering the sea remained stable and improved. After 2018, the overall water quality has improved significantly. At present, the number of sections with good water quality (Class I to III) under state-controlled sections of rivers entering the sea accounts for about four-fifths of the total, and sections that have lost their use functions (inferior to Class V) have been basically eliminated.
Guard important entrances along the coast where pollution enters the sea. Sewage outlets into the sea are important nodes for coastal land-based pollution to be discharged to the ocean. The "Implementation Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision and Management of Sewage Outlets Entering Rivers and Seas" was issued to coordinate and promote the investigation, monitoring, traceability and rectification of sewage outlets entering the sea, and establish and improve a full-chain management system for coastal water bodies, sewage outlets entering the sea, sewage pipelines, and pollution sources. In accordance with the requirement of "checking all outlets and checking all outlets that should be checked", we will find out the number, distribution, discharge characteristics, responsible entities and other information of various sewage outlets entering the sea, and promote the traceability and rectification of sewage outlets entering the sea and the implementation of responsibilities. As of the end of 2023, China has inspected more than 53,000 sewage outlets into the sea and completed the renovation of more than 16,000 sewage outlets into the sea, playing an important role in improving the environmental quality of coastal waters. Build a unified information platform for sewage outlets into the sea, further standardize the establishment and management of sewage outlets into the sea, and strictly prohibit the establishment of new industrial sewage outlets and urban sewage treatment plant sewage outlets in nature reserves, important fishery waters, bathing beaches, ecological protection red lines and other areas. outlet.
Clean up and rectify marine garbage. The "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Control of Plastic Pollution" and the "14th Five-Year Plan" Action Plan for Plastic Pollution Control were issued to control garbage from the source into the sea. Further establish and implement marine garbage monitoring, interception, collection, salvage, transportation, and treatment systems. All coastal cities have normalized systems such as "marine sanitation" to carry out the prevention, control and cleanup of garbage entering the sea in key sea areas and coastal waters. Zhejiang Province's new model of "blue circulation" marine plastic waste management won the United Nations "Guardian of the Earth Award". Promote joint prevention and control of river, lake and sea garbage. In 2022, special cleanup operations will be carried out in 11 key bays such as Jiaozhou Bay, dispatching 188,100 people and clearing about 55,300 tons of various types of beach and sea garbage. Consolidate and improve the effectiveness of special clean-up work, and upgrade the special clean-up action in key bays to a marine garbage clean-up action in coastal cities in 2024. Continue to organize and carry out monitoring surveys on marine litter and microplastics. Compared with the results of similar international surveys in recent years, the average density of marine litter and offshore microplastics in China's coastal waters is at a medium to low level.
(3) Accurately prevent and control maritime pollution
Adhere to equal emphasis on development and protection, continuously strengthen the regular supervision of marine engineering, marine dumping, marine aquaculture, marine transportation and other industries, actively respond to sudden environmental pollution incidents, comprehensively improve the level of marine pollution prevention and control, and strive to reduce various types of offshore development and utilization activities. The impact of development and utilization activities on the marine ecological environment.
Strictly control the ecological and environmental impact of marine engineering and marine waste dumping. Continuously optimize environmental impact assessment management, start from the source, and strictly control marine engineering construction projects such as sea reclamation and sea sand mining. Strengthen the prevention and control of pollution in marine oil and gas exploration and development, and the state will uniformly exercise the authority of environmental impact assessment approval and pollutant discharge supervision. Initiate the preparation of technical specifications for marine engineering emission permits and promote the inclusion of marine engineering in the management of emission permits in accordance with the law. Select and establish dumping areas in accordance with the principles of science, rationality, economy and safety, scientifically and carefully evaluate the operating conditions of the dumping areas, and ensure the safety of the ecological environment and navigable water depth of the dumping areas. Strictly implement the dumping permit system and comprehensively use automatic ship identification systems, online monitoring of ocean dumping and other means to carry out off-site supervision to minimize the impact of waste dumping on the ecological environment.
Systematically carry out the prevention and control of marine aquaculture pollution. Issued and implemented the "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Green Development of Aquaculture Industry" and "Opinions on Strengthening the Supervision of the Ecological Environment of Mariculture", formulated emission standards, strengthened environmental assessment management, promoted classified rectification of sewage outlets and tail water monitoring, etc., and systematically strengthened mariculture Environmental supervision. Coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have actively introduced discharge standards for aquaculture tail water and increased supervision of pollution emissions. Mariculture is included in the national "Classification Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects" to implement environmental impact assessment management. In accordance with the requirements of "banning one batch, merging one batch, and standardizing one batch", various localities have carried out cleanup and rectification of illegal and unreasonable breeding tail water outlets, promoted pond breeding, factory breeding, and environmental protection upgrades of cages, and purified the breeding environment. Coastal provinces, cities and counties have issued plans for tidal flats in aquaculture waters, scientifically delimiting prohibited areas, restricted areas and breeding areas for marine aquaculture. Increase efforts to prevent and control pollution from ships and ports. Strictly implement the "Ship Water Pollutant Emission Control Standards", organize and carry out special rectification activities to prevent and control ship water pollution, and incorporate environmental protection standards into ship technical regulations. We have further promoted the implementation of the joint supervision system for the transfer and disposal of ship water pollutants, and coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have basically completed the construction of port ship pollutant reception, transfer and disposal facilities. Continue to carry out supervision and inspection of ship fuel quality, strengthen supervision of the allocation and use of shore power facilities for berthed ships, and investigate and eliminate potential pollution hazards.
Establish an emergency response system for marine environmental emergencies. The "National Emergency Response Plan for Major Marine Oil Spill" and "Emergency Plan for Offshore Oil Exploration and Development Oil Spill Pollution Environmental Events" were issued and implemented, clarifying the emergency organization system, response procedures, information management release and safeguard measures, etc., and establishing a relatively complete marine oil spill Pollution emergency plan system. Strengthen marine environmental risk investigation and organize the three provinces and one city around the Bohai Sea to complete risk assessments and environmental emergency plans for more than 5400 key enterprises involving hazardous chemicals, heavy metals, industrial waste, and nuclear power. Develop a national marine ecological and environmental emergency command system, build an intelligent platform integrating communication, monitoring, decision-making, command, and dispatch, and improve the informatization ability to respond to emergencies. The "oil fingerprint" identification system has been developed and more than 3200 crude oil samples have been collected, basically achieving full coverage of oil sample collection from offshore oil exploration and development platforms, providing an important basis for resolving liability disputes for offshore oil spill accidents and conducting oil spill pollution damage assessment.
(4) Strive to create a beautiful bay
The bay is a key area for promoting the continuous improvement of the marine ecological environment. Taking the bay as the basic unit and building a beautiful bay with "clear water and clean beaches, concentrated fish and gulls, and harmonious people and the sea" as the construction goal,"one bay, one policy" collaborates to promote pollution prevention and control in coastal waters, ecological protection and restoration, and coastal and beach environment Renovation to systematically improve the quality of the bay's ecological environment.
Comprehensively deploy the construction of the beautiful bay. The "14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" clearly require the promotion of the protection and construction of the Beautiful Bay. The "Opinions on Comprehensively Promoting the Construction of Beautiful China" incorporate the Beautiful Bay into the overall construction of Beautiful China, clearly requiring that the completion rate of the Beautiful Bay will reach about 40% by 2027, and the Beautiful Bay will be basically completed by 2035. The "14th Five-Year Plan for Marine Ecological and Environmental Protection" focuses on the main line of beautiful bay construction, divides the coastal waters into 283 bay construction units, and implements key tasks, measures and goals to each bay one by one. The "Action Plan for Improving the Construction of Beautiful bays" further clarifies that the construction of more than 110 beautiful bays will be promoted by 2027. At present, the construction of Beautiful Bay is steadily advancing. As of the end of 2023, nearly half of 1682 key tasks and engineering measures have been completed. A total of 475 kilometers of shoreline and 16,700 hectares of coastal wetlands have been renovated and repaired. The proportion of excellent water quality areas in 167 bays exceeds 85%, and the proportion of excellent water quality areas in 102 bays has increased compared with 2022.
Take multiple measures to build a beautiful bay. Formulate basic standards for the construction of beautiful bays, and set five types of indicators guided by the good environmental quality of the bay, the healthy marine ecosystem, and the harmonious coexistence of human-sea relations to guide various localities in carrying out the construction of beautiful bays, and encourage the addition of characteristic indicators according to local conditions. Establish a beautiful bay construction management platform, use on-site surveys and remote sensing monitoring and other means to track and evaluate progress, promote the realization of intelligent supervision of the construction of the beautiful bay, and urge and promote governments at all levels to carry out comprehensive bay management according to local conditions and implement construction tasks. Establish a diversified investment and financing mechanism, strengthen government guidance, and encourage business entities and social capital to participate in the construction of the Beautiful Bay. Comprehensively use fiscal and financial means such as financial investment, special debt, and eco-environment-oriented development (EOD) projects to accelerate the implementation of the Beautiful Bay construction project. Strengthen demonstration guidance for the construction of the Beautiful Bay, encourage innovation in systems and mechanisms and key technologies for the construction of the Beautiful Bay, carry out selection of excellent cases, promote demonstration experience models, and lead the improvement of the overall level of the construction of the Beautiful Bay. At present, two batches of 20 excellent national-level beautiful bay cases have been selected.
By further promoting the comprehensive management of key sea areas, coordinated prevention and control of land and sea pollution, and continuing to build beautiful bays, the water quality in China's coastal waters has generally improved. The proportion of areas with excellent water quality in 2023 will be 21.3 percentage points higher than that in 2012.
4. Scientifically carry out marine ecological protection and restoration
China adheres to respecting nature, complying with nature, and protecting nature, coordinates the integrated protection and systematic restoration of marine ecology, makes scientific decisions, implements precise policies, adheres to the boundaries of ecological security, and continuously improves the diversity, stability and sustainability of marine ecosystems.
(1) Build a strong marine ecological barrier
China is the first in the world to propose and implement the ecological protection red line system, effectively building a solid marine ecological protection barrier through various means, leaving enough time and space for the ocean to recuperate.
Create a marine ecological classification and zoning system. Marine ecological classification and zoning is the basic model of modern ocean management. Since 2019, we have carried out the creation of a marine ecological classification and zoning system and built a "double beams and four pillars" marine ecological classification framework, based on two biogeographic and aquatic scenarios and four components of water body, topography, sediment, and biology. Carry out marine ecological classification; adopt a top-down, step-by-step nesting approach to carry out marine ecological zoning at different scales, and divide China's coastal waters into 3 ecological primary subdivisions, 22 ecological secondary subdivisions, and 53 ecological tertiary subdivisions; In 2023, focusing on the coastal waters where human activities are most frequent, the 20 coastal waters ecological third-level zoning will be divided into 132 ecological fourth-level zoning. By building unified ecological classification standards and dividing ecological divisions at different scales, we will scientifically reflect the natural geographical pattern of China's oceans, providing basic support for comprehensive understanding of the marine ecological background and refined marine ecological assessment, protection and restoration.
Carry out evaluation of marine resources and environmental carrying capacity and land space suitability. In 2015, the "Overall Plan for the Reform of the Ecological Civilization System" made requirements for the evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity for the first time, and began to evaluate the scale that natural resources and ecological environment can carry. In 2019, the "On Establishing a Land and Space Planning System and Supervision" was issued. Several Opinions on Implementation proposed that on the basis of the evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity and the suitability of land and space development, various functional spaces should be scientifically and orderly coordinated. China has begun to build a technical and method system for evaluating resource and environmental carrying capacity and land space development suitability, and organized and completed the evaluation of marine resource and environmental carrying capacity and land space development suitability at the national, regional, provincial, municipal and other levels, as a basis for delineating marine ecology. The scientific basis for protecting red lines, marine ecological space, and marine development and utilization space.
Delineate and strictly adhere to the red line of marine ecological protection. The ecological protection red line is an important institutional innovation and major decision-making deployment for China's ecological civilization construction. China has made systematic arrangements for key areas for marine ecological protection, giving priority to areas with extremely important ecological functions such as biodiversity maintenance and coastal protection, and extremely ecologically fragile areas such as coastal erosion into the red line of marine ecological protection for strict protection, showing a "one belt and multiple points" distribution. At the same time, a series of documents were issued to regulate the limited human activities allowed within the ecological protection red line and clarify control requirements. Continue to carry out ecological protection red lines monitoring, protection effectiveness evaluation, boundary survey and calibration, reasonably optimize the spatial layout of red lines, improve the long-term management and control mechanism of ecological protection red lines, achieve a red line to control important ecological spaces, and firmly maintain the bottom line of national ecological security.
Improve the marine protected area system. China has included important marine ecosystems, natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered marine life, concentrated distribution areas of marine natural relics and natural landscapes into marine protected areas for key protection. After years of development, China has established 352 sea-related nature reserves, protected approximately 93,300 square kilometers of sea area, and has established 5 sea-related national park candidate areas. The protection objects cover rare and endangered marine life such as spotted seals and Chinese white dolphins. Typical ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs, as well as landforms such as ancient shell embankments and underwater ancient forest relics, have initially formed a marine protected area system with complete types, reasonable layout and sound functions. Through the construction of marine protected areas, the population of rare marine organisms is gradually recovering. The number of spotted seals, a national-level protected animal, who winters in the Liaodong Bay every year, has stabilized at more than 2000.
Conservation of marine biodiversity. Actively and effectively protect marine life through means and measures such as protecting ecological corridors, improving species protection levels, conducting scientific research and monitoring, banning fishing in key sea areas, and proliferation and release. At present, China has recorded more than 28000 species of marine life, accounting for about 11% of the number of recorded species in the global ocean. The National Marine Fisheries Biological Germplasm Resource Bank collects and preserves about 140,000 biological resources of various types, and the collection and preservation of biological genetic resources continues to accelerate. Carry out proliferation and release in offshore waters, releasing about 30 billion aquatic organisms of various types every year. A special national protection action plan or outline has been issued for key protected species, Chinese white dolphins, turtles, corals, and spotted seals, and a national-level species protection alliance has been established to carry out fruitful work, and the population has stabilized and improved. 20 coastal wetlands, including the Dalian Spotted Seal National Nature Reserve in Liaoning and the Huidong Port Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve in Guangdong, have been included in the list of internationally important wetlands.
(2) Implementing marine ecological restoration
Adhere to natural restoration as the mainstay and artificial restoration as the supplement, carry out major marine ecological restoration projects in an orderly manner, and initially form a marine ecological restoration pattern from the top of the mountain to the ocean with planning guidance, institutional guarantees, financial support, and basic support. Plant the marine ecological foundation of beautiful China.
Adhere to problem-oriented comprehensive policies. Consider the marine ecosystem as a whole, accurately diagnose marine ecological problems, reasonably determine protection and restoration goals and tasks, adopt targeted protection and conservation, natural restoration, assisted regeneration, ecological reconstruction and other models, optimize restoration measures and technologies, and adapt to local conditions and times., implement policies in different regions and categories. For example, in terms of protection and restoration layout, the Bohai Sea focuses on warm temperate estuary wetlands, the Yellow Sea focuses on warm temperate coastal wetlands, the East China Sea focuses on subtropical estuaries, bays and islands, and the South China Sea focuses on subtropical and tropical typical coastal wetlands.
Scientific and technological support standards come first. Strengthen research on the succession laws and internal mechanisms of marine ecosystems, carry out technical research, build standards and specifications, and improve the integrity, scientificity and operability of ecological restoration. Select the first batch of 10 lists of innovative and applicable technologies for marine ecological restoration. Published the "Technical Guide for Marine Ecological Restoration" and 11 series of technical guidelines for coastal zone ecological disaster reduction and restoration, formulated technical manuals for the restoration of various typical marine ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal salt marshes, and oyster reefs, and formed a systematic restoration technical standard system.
Strengthen financial support for restoration. Since 2016, the central government has set up special funds to support coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to carry out marine ecological protection and restoration projects, mainly in key areas such as sea areas, islands, and coastal zones that have an important role in ensuring ecological security and have a wide range of ecological benefits. The "Opinions on Encouraging and Supporting Social Capital to Participate in Ecological Protection and Restoration" was issued to encourage and support social capital to participate in the entire process of investment, design, restoration, management and protection of marine ecological protection and restoration projects, and promote the establishment of a market-oriented investment and financing mechanism for social capital to participate in marine ecological protection and restoration. Introduce incentives and incentives for new construction land indicators that are eligible for mangrove afforestation.
Implement major marine ecological protection and restoration projects. From 2016 to 2023, the central government has supported coastal cities to implement 175 major marine ecological protection and restoration projects such as the "Blue Bay" remediation action, ecological restoration of the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea, coastal zone protection and restoration projects, and mangrove protection and restoration, covering 11 coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), with a total investment of 25.258 billion yuan in central fiscal funds, driving the country to renovate and restore nearly 1680 kilometers of coastline and more than 750,000 acres of coastal wetlands. The "Special Action Plan for Mangrove Protection and Restoration (2020-2025)" was issued. As of the end of 2023, about 7000 hectares of mangroves have been built across the country and about 5600 hectares of existing mangroves have been restored. The results of the 2022 Land Change Survey show that the national mangrove area has increased to 29,200 hectares, an increase of about 7200 hectares from the beginning of this century. China is one of the few countries in the world with a net increase in mangrove area. Through the above efforts, we have continuously enhanced the service functions of the marine ecosystem, improved the capacity of marine carbon sinks, and built a solid ecological security barrier in coastal zones. China is promoting high-quality development with high-level marine ecological protection and restoration.
(3) Strictly adhere to the defense line of marine disasters
Marine disasters pose a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. By enhancing the resilience of coastal ecosystems and strengthening marine ecological disaster risk identification and emergency response, we will continuously improve marine disaster prevention and control capabilities and effectively maintain the bottom line of marine ecological security.
Strengthen the ability of coastal ecosystems to withstand marine disasters such as typhoons and storm surges. China is one of the countries with the most serious marine disasters in the world. In order to prevent major and major marine disasters, a global ocean three-dimensional observation network with reasonable layout, complete functions and complete system has been built to basically realize long-term operational observations of sea areas under China's jurisdiction and key sea areas of concern, and continue to improve the autonomy and globalization of marine disaster early warning reports. The level of intelligence and refinement provides technical support for marine disaster prevention and response. Ecosystems such as mangroves and coastal salt marshes are natural lines of defense against marine disasters. By building ecological seawalls, we will build a comprehensive protection system that synergizes ecology and disaster reduction, give full play to the disaster prevention and reduction functions of the ecosystem, and comprehensively strengthen the coastal zone ecosystem. The ability of the system to withstand marine disasters such as typhoons and storm surges.
Enhance marine ecological disaster prevention and control capabilities. Marine ecological disasters have had a serious impact on the economic and social development of coastal areas. China's marine ecological disasters are mainly local biological outbreaks such as red tides and Enteromorpha green tide. Formulate emergency plans for red tide disasters, strengthen early warning and monitoring of red tide disasters, timely detect, track and accurately warn red tide disasters throughout the process, grasp the development and evolution trend of red tide disasters, and provide support for red tide disaster prevention and emergency response. Carry out monitoring, early warning and prevention and control of the Enteromorpha green tide disaster in the Yellow Sea to reduce the impact of the Enteromorpha green tide disaster. For local biological outbreaks such as jellyfish and shrimps, we will implement surveillance and monitoring in key areas and key periods, and release information in a timely manner.
(4) Carry out a demonstration of the creation of Hemei Islands
Islands are an important platform for protecting the marine environment and maintaining ecological balance. The demonstration work for the creation of Hemei Islands takes a single island or island group as the main body of creation, and aims to create a new harmonious "harmonious" pattern of people and islands with green islands, clean beaches, clear water and abundant materials, and effectively promotes high-level protection and high-quality development in island areas.
There are many highlights in the creation of demonstrations. In 2022, the demonstration work for the creation of Hemei Island will be officially launched. Focusing on the connotation of Hemei Island of "ecological beauty, beautiful life, and beautiful production", the settings include ecological protection and restoration, resource conservation and intensive utilization, improvement of living environment, green and low-carbon development, and characteristics. There are 36 indicators in 7 aspects of economic development, cultural construction and institutional construction to guide island areas to carry out creation demonstrations. In 2023, the first batch of 33 islands will be selected as Hemei Islands.
Ecology leads the creation of a demonstration. Adhere to ecological priority, restore and restore the island's ecological environment, implement ecological protection and restoration projects such as shorelines, islands, and aquatic plants, and encourage carbon sequestration and sinks in blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves and seaweed beds. For example, Shandong Changdao has built an international Zero Carbon Island actively explores ways to transform marine carbon sink resources into assets, and issues "marine carbon sink loans" and "seaweed bed and seaweed farm carbon sink loans". Continue to promote the improvement of the island's living environment, strengthen infrastructure construction, improve external transportation conditions, and improve the construction of water and drainage, power supply, communications and other facilities. For example, Guangdong Dong 'ao Island has implemented large-scale planting of flowers and trees and irrigation, and has built a green road that connects the island. Beautiful landscape creates a mountain and sea plank road for offshore islands. Promote the new development of the integration of culture and tourism, make use of the characteristic resources of islands, seas, history and temples, deepen the "tourism +" model, strive to promote "tourism + fishery","tourism + rural" and "tourism + culture", innovate the cultural and sports tourism industry model, and explore The ocean story inherits traditional culture. For example, Fujian Meizhou Island has established 33 intangible cultural heritage projects to spread Mazu culture in multiple forms and realize the promotion, protection and inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage".
(5) Building ecological coastal zones
The coastal zone is a special area where land and ocean are highly interconnected, interactively integrated, and share weal and woe. It is rich in natural resources, unique environmental conditions, and frequent human activities. As the intersection area between coastal areas and the ocean, China's coastal zone is a key area for building a strong national ecological security barrier, supporting coastal economic and social development, carrying land and sea linkages, promoting high-level development and opening up, and promoting high-quality development. In 2021, China proposed to build an ecological coastal zone, adhere to the overall planning of land and sea, take the comprehensive evaluation of marine ecological conditions as the starting point, build an ecological coastal zone evaluation technical method system, and set up ecosystem stability status, environmental quality status, sustainable utilization of resources, and Human safety and health status. There are 9 evaluation indicators in 4 aspects, scientifically identify coastal zone ecological problems, and create a healthy, healthy, A clean, safe, diverse and fertile coastal zone.
5. Strengthen the supervision and management of the marine ecological environment
Coordinate resources in all fields, gather forces from all aspects, adhere to the red line of ecological protection, the bottom line of environmental quality and the online utilization of resources, play a good "combination punch" of zoning control, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, and assessment and inspection, and improve the informatization of marine ecological environment supervision and management., digitalization and intelligence levels ensure the smooth progress of marine ecological environment governance and marine ecological protection and restoration work.
(1) Implement space use control and environmental zoning control
Comprehensively implement the main functional area strategy, implement use control based on land spatial planning, strengthen zoning control of ecological environment in coastal waters, and "clear the bottom line" and "draw a frame" for development.
Implement control over the use of marine space. In the 1990s, China issued and implemented national marine functional zoning based on the location of the sea area and resource and environmental conditions, clarifying the leading functions of the functional areas and marine environmental protection requirements. In 2015, the "National Marine Main Functional Area Plan" was issued, dividing the marine space into four types of areas: optimized development, key development, restricted development, and prohibited development, and imposing basic constraints on the development and protection orientation of each marine area. Starting from 2019, marine functional zoning and marine main functional area planning will be integrated into land and spatial planning to achieve "integration of multiple planning". In October 2022, the Outline of National Land and Space Planning will be issued and implemented (2021-2035)", in the implementation and management of land space planning, coastal provinces implement the requirements of the" Outline ", make detailed arrangements for marine land space, scientifically divide ecological protection areas, ecological control areas and marine development areas, and clarify the functional use of each functional area, sea use methods, ecological protection and restoration requirements, and gradually establish a marine space use control system of" full coverage of sea areas, islands, and coastline "and" combination of sea use industry and sea use methods ".
Implement zoning management and control of the ecological environment in coastal waters. Connect with national economic and social development plans and land and spatial planning, with the goal of ensuring ecological functions and improving environmental quality in coastal waters, focusing on implementing ecological protection red lines, environmental quality bottom lines, and on-line hard constraints on resource utilization, and focusing on coastal waters environmental control. Based on the unit and using the ecological environment access list as a means, we promote the realization of differentiated and precise management and control of the ecological environment in coastal waters in sub-regions. Since 2017, coastal areas have gradually carried out exploration and practice of ecological and environmental zoning management and control in coastal waters, and designated 3036 coastal waters environmental management and control units to promote the combination of industrial development and environmental carrying capacity. Xiamen City is the first ecological environment zoning management and control application system in the country, effectively solving difficult pain points such as difficulty in site selection, long approval time limit, and slow project implementation. It divides 42 coastal sea environmental management and control units to improve the level of land and sea overall management and promote the transformation and upgrading of coastal industries. In 2024, the "Opinions on Strengthening Ecological Environment Zoning Management and Control" was issued, requiring the strengthening of ecological environment zoning management and control in coastal waters, proposing the formation of a set of comprehensive coverage, precise and scientific marine ecological environment zoning management and control system, and systematically deploying ecological environment zoning management and control work. Provide important guidelines for scientific guidance on various development, protection and construction activities in coastal waters.
(2) Conduct monitoring and investigation
Marine ecological environment monitoring and investigation are the basis for marine ecological environment protection. China has gradually improved the ecological environment monitoring network integrating the sky, earth and sea, strengthened marine ecological quality monitoring and evaluation and early warning monitoring, clarified the basis, and provided decision-making basis for marine ecological environment supervision and management.
Comprehensively carry out marine ecological environment monitoring. Continuously optimize and improve the layout of the marine ecological environment monitoring network, focusing on coastal waters, covering jurisdictional waters, and building a modern marine ecological environment monitoring system that coordinates land and sea and links rivers and seas. Integrate national and local resources, build a national marine ecological environment monitoring base, and build a national ecological quality comprehensive monitoring station. Based on 1359 nationally controlled seawater quality monitoring points, it covers 15 monitoring tasks in four categories: marine environmental quality monitoring, marine ecology monitoring, special monitoring, and marine supervision and monitoring. It continues to enhance marine garbage, marine microplastics, marine radioactivity, Marine Monitoring capabilities in emerging hot areas such as new marine pollutants and marine carbon source sinks, and strengthen monitoring of the health status of typical ecosystems such as mangroves. Gradually establish a unified marine ecological environment monitoring data transmission and sharing platform, regularly disclose seawater quality monitoring data, and issue the "China's Marine Ecological Environment Status Bulletin".
Coordinate and promote marine ecological early warning and monitoring. With the goal of "being clear about the distribution pattern of marine ecosystems, clear about the current status and evolution trends of typical ecosystems, and clear about major ecological issues and risks", we will build a business ecological early warning and monitoring system focusing on coastal waters, covering sea areas under our jurisdiction, radiating polar regions and deep seas. In coastal waters, we focus on typical ecosystem distribution areas such as important estuaries, bays, coral reefs, mangroves, seaweed beds, and salt marshes, as well as areas with high risk of ecological disasters; in the waters under our jurisdiction, analyze and evaluate sea level changes, seawater acidification, hypoxia and other ecological issues, achieve full-coverage large-scale monitoring of major marine ecosystem types, and expand polar and deep-sea ecological monitoring. During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, there were more than 1600 coastal ecological trend monitoring stations, and the national survey on the ecological status of coral reefs, coastal salt marshes, and seaweed beds and the general survey of ecosystems in estuaries and seaweed farms were completed. Prepare and publish the "China Marine Ecological Early Warning and Monitoring Bulletin". Explore and establish early warning methods for typical marine ecosystems, and basically realize operational operation of coral reef bleaching early warning.
Conduct baseline surveys on marine pollution. In order to systematically grasp the basic situation of the marine ecological environment, China has carried out three baseline surveys on marine pollution in 1976, 1996 and 2023 to find out the base of the marine ecological environment in various periods. The third marine pollution baseline survey covers four aspects: survey of marine environmental pollutants, survey of pollution sources entering the sea, survey of coastal zone environmental pressure and ecological impact, and refined survey of bays. It obtains basic data on the marine ecological environment and provides scientific assessment of China's marine ecological environment. Provide decision-making support for the formulation and implementation of China's marine ecological environment protection strategic policies.
(3) Strict supervision and law enforcement
Adhere to supervision and law enforcement coordination, departmental coordination, and central-local linkage, build a three-dimensional, full-coverage marine supervision and law enforcement network, and severely investigate and deal with illegal and illegal use of sea islands and damage the marine ecological environment.
Comprehensive maritime supervision continues to be optimized. Continue to improve the comprehensive supervision capabilities of sea areas, islands and coastal zones, accelerate the construction of a supervision system in the whole chain and all fields before, during and after the event, and give full play to comprehensive supervision in maintaining the order of sea islands, strictly abiding by the bottom line of resource safety, supervising the ecological use of sea islands, and supporting high-quality development. At present, China has built and operated various systems such as the sea area and island supervision system, the marine ecological restoration supervision system, and the "one map" information system for land and spatial planning. It adopts a satellite remote sensing-sea-shore-based mutual complementarity model to grasp the use of sea areas and sea areas and islands. Changes in resources and ecological and environmental conditions. Comprehensive use of remote sensing monitoring, maritime and shoreline inspections and other means to implement high-frequency supervision of sea areas, islands, and coastlines, and to carry out sea-use activities such as sea reclamation, ecological restoration projects, drilling platforms, submarine optical cables, and cross-sea bridges, as well as important areas such as sea sand resource-rich areas, marine oil and gas exploration and development zones, marine dumping areas, and aquaculture and fishery areas, to curb illegal activities in the field of marine ecology and environment in the bud, and to continue to improve the effectiveness of maritime supervision and law enforcement.
Comprehensive law enforcement of marine environmental protection continues to be strengthened. In recent years, comprehensive law enforcement has been carried out within the waters under China's jurisdiction. Carry out regular law enforcement inspections on marine engineering projects, sea-related nature reserves, fisheries, maritime transportation, etc. Implement the "Sea Shield" special law enforcement to strengthen coastline protection and reclamation control, carry out strengthened supervision of the "Green Shield" nature reserve, carry out the "Blue Sea" special law enforcement to severely crack down on illegal activities that damage the marine ecological environment, and carry out the "Blue Sword" and "China" Special law enforcement such as the "Bright Sword" Strengthen the protection of fishery resources and form a strong deterrent to violations related to the marine ecological environment. 2020-2022 In 2000, more than 19,000 inspections were carried out on offshore projects, oil platforms, islands, dumping areas, etc., more than 360 cases of illegal reclamation, illegal dumping, and island destruction were investigated and dealt with, and illegal and criminal activities in key areas of marine ecological and environmental protection were severely cracked down.
(4) Strengthen assessment and supervision
Implementing the target responsibility system and assessment and evaluation system for marine environmental protection, and carrying out central ecological and environmental protection inspections and national natural resources inspections are important measures to solve outstanding problems in the marine ecological environment, consolidate local responsibilities, and encourage cadres to take responsibility.
Implement the target responsibility system and assessment and evaluation system for marine environmental protection. In 2014, the Environmental Protection Law was revised to implement an environmental protection target responsibility system and an assessment and evaluation system. In 2015, the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan incorporated core task indicators such as the proportion of excellent water quality in coastal waters into the target responsibility assessment system of coastal local governments. In 2020, the water quality status of coastal waters will be included in the effectiveness assessment system of the fight against pollution, and the water quality requirements for coastal waters will be improved year by year. In 2023, the revised Marine Environmental Protection Law clarifies that local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for the quality of the marine environment in the sea areas under their management. The assessment results serve as an important basis for rewards, punishments and promotions of leading groups and leading cadres at all levels, and play an important guiding role in consolidating the responsibilities of coastal local governments and encouraging cadres to take on their responsibilities. Zhejiang has built a comprehensive evaluation system for marine ecology and incorporated the evaluation results into the "Five Waters Co-governance" and "Beautiful Zhejiang" construction assessment systems, effectively stimulating the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of leading cadres and officials.
Carry out ecological and environmental protection inspection inspections. Since 2015, three rounds of central ecological and environmental protection inspections have been carried out, covering 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, relevant departments of the State Council and relevant central enterprises. Taking the ocean as an important area of inspection, a number of outstanding problems in the field of marine ecology and environment such as illegal offshore breeding, mangrove destruction, illegal occupation of coastal zones and illegal reclamation, and water pollution in coastal waters have been discovered and disclosed, and all of them have been reported back to the provincial party committee and government., with a clear attitude and resolute measures, we have promoted local governments to establish a normalized implementation mechanism, and achieved remarkable results in affirming the central government, praising the people, supporting all parties, and solving problems. Carry out provincial-level ecological and environmental protection inspections, keep a close eye on outstanding issues in the field of marine ecological and environment, continue to carry out routine inspections, and continuously deepen special inspections. Establish regular inspections, regular inspections and dynamic inspections, comprehensively strengthen supervision and inspection of key projects, hot areas, and key links, and focus on rectifying outstanding problems such as marine pollution damage and ecological damage.
Focus on marine ecological protection and implement national natural resource inspections. The "Outline of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China" clearly proposes to "implement the marine inspection system and carry out regular marine inspection." In 2017, marine inspections were carried out for the first time in 11 coastal provincial governments, focusing on inspecting the local people's governments 'implementation of major decisions and arrangements on marine resources and environment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, relevant laws and regulations, and national marine resources and environmental plans, plans, and important policies and measures. The problems discovered are transferred to the provincial people's governments to effectively supervise the scientific allocation of sea area and island resources in accordance with the law and the implementation of the main responsibilities of marine environmental protection. In recent years, the National Natural Resources Inspectorate has carried out marine inspections of coastal local people's governments every year focusing on supervising and implementing strict control of sea reclamation and strengthening the protection of coastal wetlands. Focusing on the main responsibilities of provincial governments, the key inspections have added illegal sea reclamation, encroaching on ecological protection red lines and using the sea, approving the use of the sea in violation of laws and regulations, destroying mangroves, uninhabited islands and natural shorelines and other prominent issues that affect marine ecology. Send inspection opinions to relevant provincial people's governments in response to the problems discovered, interview the main leaders of municipal and municipal governments with prominent violations of laws and regulations, inform them of the major outstanding problems discovered by the inspections, and continue to track and urge local governments to implement their main responsibilities for marine ecological protection.
6. Improve the level of marine green and low-carbon development
China has always cared about the ocean, understood the ocean, and managed the ocean. On the premise of maintaining the boundaries of ecological security, China has comprehensively improved the efficiency of the utilization of marine resources, promoted the green development of the marine economy, and continuously met the people's multi-level and diversified needs for the ocean. Horizontal ecological and environmental protection continues to create new driving forces and new advantages for high-quality development.
(1) Promote efficient use of marine resources
The ocean is a treasure house of resources on which we rely for survival and development, and an important carrier for building a maritime power. China continues to promote the conservation and intensive utilization of marine resources, coordinate and strengthen the supply of sea resource factors, maintain marine natural reproduction capabilities, and seek and achieve high levels among multiple goals. Positive interaction between level resource security and high-quality development.
Promote the conservation and intensive utilization of sea resources. In recent years, China has actively planned, practiced and explored, and implemented classified policies for intensive conservation and sea use. In terms of clarifying the bottom line of marine resources, we will carry out pilot inventory of marine resource assets to provide basic support for optimal allocation and intensive and efficient utilization of marine resources. In terms of setting benchmarks, China has released the first batch of 18 demonstration counties (cities) for conservation and intensification of marine resources, transforming utilization models and technologies with demonstration and leading roles into replicable and generalizable institutional experiences, and encouraging various resource elements to better serve high-quality development. In terms of sea area space resources, explore and promote the three-dimensional hierarchical establishment of sea area rights, promote the transformation of sea area management models from "flat" to "three-dimensional", introduce safeguard measures for sea use elements, and properly handle issues left over from the history of sea reclamation. In terms of industrial sea use, optimize the management of aquaculture sea use, scientifically determine the scale and layout of aquaculture sea use, introduce sea use management policies for photovoltaic projects, and encourage composite utilization and three-dimensional development.
Strengthen the sustainable use of fishery resources. Correctly handle the relationship between the conservation and development and utilization of fishery resources, and carry out reasonable conservation and long-term sustainable utilization based on scientific assessment. Since the implementation of the marine summer fishing ban system in 1995, it has continuously extended the fishing ban period and expanded the fishing ban range to control the intensity of marine fishing, protect and restore fishery resources, and promote the sustained and healthy development of marine fisheries. Since 2003, the total amount management system of marine fishery resources, the fishery fishing license system, and the "double control" system of the number and power of marine fishing vessels have been implemented successively, exploring the management of fishing quotas by species and regions.
(2) Strengthen the green background of the marine economy
Actively implement the "double carbon" goal, integrate green and low-carbon concepts into the development mode of the marine economy, sustainably develop marine fisheries, greenly develop port shipping and shipbuilding, scientifically develop and utilize marine clean energy, and achieve positive results in the green transformation of the marine industry.
Build modern marine ranches. As an important means to conserve aquatic living resources and restore the marine ecological environment, marine pastures play an important role in promoting the sustainable development of marine fisheries. As of 2023, a total of 169 national-level marine ranch demonstration zones have been established, generating annual ecological benefits of nearly 178.1 billion yuan. The conservation of marine fishery resources has achieved remarkable results. In 2019, the incidence of large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail and cuttlefish along the coast of Zhejiang increased more than four times compared with the late 1990s, of which the resource density of small yellow croaker increased by 34.1%. Mariculture has gradually expanded from offshore to far-reaching seas, and independently developed fully submersible deep-sea intelligent fishery breeding equipment has been put into operation, creating my country's unique far-reaching sea green breeding model.
Port shipping and shipbuilding are green and intelligent. Build smart ports and green ports and strengthen the utilization of clean energy in coastal ports. Qingdao Port has built a modern energy system that integrates wind, light and hydrogen storage and complements multiple energy sources. The port's clean energy accounts for 66%, and the intelligent air orbit collection and distribution system reduces energy consumption by more than 50%. Tianjin Port promotes the construction of a "smart zero-carbon" terminal to help the port's production consumption be "carbon neutral" and reduce energy consumption. Promote the construction of three green shipping corridors: Shanghai Port-Los Angeles/Long Beach Port, Guangzhou Port-Los Angeles Port, and Tianjin Singapore Port, and accelerate the decarbonization of the shipping industry. Green ships and new energy ships are developing rapidly. The first methanol-dual-fuel-powered green ship can reduce carbon emissions by 75%, nitrogen emissions by 15%, and sulfur and particulate matter emissions by 99%. The annual emission reduction of a 700TEU (standard container) pure electric power container ship is equivalent to planting 160,000 trees, which has outstanding effects in carbon reduction and emission reduction.
Marine clean energy is booming. The utilization capacity of marine clean energy continues to improve, and the scale and proportion of clean energy have expanded. By the end of 2023, China's cumulative installed capacity of offshore wind power will reach 37.69 million kilowatts, accounting for approximately 50% of the world's total, ranking first in the world for four consecutive years. Marine renewable energy is developing rapidly. The Megaw-class tidal power generator set "Endeavour" continues to deliver green energy to the State Grid. The "Nankun", the first far-reaching sea megawatt-class wave energy power generation platform independently developed by China, is a remote island reef. Provide clean power supply, and the deep-sea breeding platform "Penghu" achieves clean energy self-sufficiency by carrying wave energy and solar power generation equipment and energy storage devices.
(3) Exploring the realization of the value of ecological products
The blue sea and silver beach are green waters, green mountains, and mountains of gold and silver. China continues to explore institutional innovations related to marine carbon sinks, actively promotes the management and development of marine ecological products, and explores the establishment of a value realization mechanism for ecological products.
Plan to establish an offshore ecological protection compensation system. Marine ecological protection compensation is an important means to guide marine ecological beneficiaries to fulfill their compensation obligations, encourage marine ecological protectors to protect the ecological environment, build a positive interactive relationship between marine ecological protectors and beneficiaries, and promote the sustainable development of the marine economy. In 2021, the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Ecological Protection Compensation System" was issued, requiring the establishment of an offshore protection compensation system. Hainan, Hebei, Guangxi, Lianyungang in Jiangsu, Xiamen in Fujian and other places have introduced marine ecological compensation policies that are compatible with the actual conditions of the region and carried out compensation practices. The compensation incentive effects in various places have gradually been reflected.
Continuously explore institutional innovations related to marine carbon sinks. Marine carbon sinks are an important part of helping China achieve its strategic goals of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality". China has formulated a marine carbon sink action plan, issued a series of technical standards for blue carbon survey and monitoring, carried out carbon storage surveys and carbon sink measurement and monitoring pilot work in blue carbon ecosystems such as mangroves, coastal salt marshes, and seaweed beds, and implemented sea-air carbon dioxide flux monitoring and greenhouse gas emission reduction monitoring on offshore oil and gas platforms. The "Measures for the Management of Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading (Trial)" was promulgated, the methodology for voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction projects for mangrove forest construction was released, and marine carbon sink projects were supported to participate in the national voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading market. Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and other places are actively exploring innovative models such as carbon inclusive trading, carbon sink insurance, and carbon sink mortgage.
Actively promote the management and development of marine ecological products. In 2021, the "Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Value Realization Mechanism of Ecological Products" will be issued and implemented to systematically deploy the construction of ecological product value realization mechanisms. Relevant departments have issued and implemented the "Specifications for Accounting the Total Value of Ecological Products (Trial)" and "Typical Cases of Realizing the Value of Ecological Products" to provide theoretical and technical support for the construction of the value realization mechanism of ecological products. Coastal places are actively innovating path mechanisms. Dongtou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, has innovated the "special rewards from superiors + self-raised by local governments + social capital participation" model to attract social capital to participate in the "Blue Bay" rectification action project and promote the construction of "Sea Garden". The China Ocean Development Foundation has established the first special fund for ecological civilization construction with the theme of marine economy in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area to support the construction of marine industrial parks, marine ecological parks, and marine engineering centers in the region, and accelerate the realization of the value of marine ecological products. Related technological innovation and industrial development.
Continue to improve compensation for marine ecological and environmental damage. China attaches great importance to compensation for damage to the marine ecological environment. When amending the Marine Environmental Protection Law in 1999, it clearly established a national compensation for losses caused by marine ecological damage. China has successively promulgated the "Measures for Claim for State Losses for Marine Ecological Damage" and the "Regulations on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Disputes on Compensation for Marine Natural Resources and Ecological Environment Damage" to guide the implementation of compensation for marine ecological and environmental damage, and achieved good results. In 2023, China will revise the Marine Environmental Protection Law again and further revise and improve the compensation system for marine ecological and environmental damage.
(4) Carry out green and low-carbon national actions
Actively carry out various marine cultural propaganda and science popularization activities, enhance the national awareness of environmental protection and ecological awareness, advocate a simple and moderate, green, low-carbon, civilized and healthy lifestyle, transform green concepts into conscious actions of all people, and attract all sectors of society to love and protect the sea. Sea, sea and offshore.
The awareness of marine ecology and environmental protection is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Thematic activities have been held on World Oceans Day and National Ocean Publicity Day, World Earth Day, World Environment Day, World Wetlands Day, etc. for many consecutive years, and more than 160 "National Marine Awareness Education Bases" have been built nationwide to jointly protect the blue homeland. Zhoushan Archipelago-Marine festivals such as the China Ocean Culture Festival, the China (Xiangshan) Fishing Festival, and well-known exhibition forums such as the China Ocean Economic Expo and Xiamen International Ocean Week have become important platforms to showcase China's marine culture. The National Oceanic Museum of the "Forbidden City on the Ocean" has been built and opened, becoming an important classroom for people to understand marine civilization, understand marine resources, and reshape marine values. 14 consecutive national ocean knowledge competitions have been carried out, attracting more than a thousand college students and 6 million people from the public to participate every year. The people's awareness of caring for and understanding the ocean has been significantly improved, and their sense of mission, responsibility and pride in managing the ocean has been continuously enhanced.
All people participate in marine ecological and environmental protection actions. Marine ecological and environmental protection gives full play to the people's power, and the whole society takes active actions to strive to be an active disseminator and model practitioner of the concept of ecological civilization. In 2019, China proposed the concept of "blue citizens" and carried out various projects and activities for many years to advocate community residents to take actions for a beautiful and clean ocean and support the growth of blue citizens. Since 2017, China has held seven consecutive "National Beach Cleanup Charity Activities", organized and implemented "Beautiful Ocean Charity Activities", built China's independent marine public welfare brand, and attracted and strengthened sea-loving and sea-protecting forces from all over the country and all walks of life. Xiamen, Fujian Province has hired the "Citizen Lake Chief" of the Lake from the general public to mobilize social forces to provide suggestions for marine ecological and environmental protection. Hainan explores the establishment of "garbage banks" to encourage tourists to participate in beach garbage cleaning, and through diversified activities to create a good atmosphere for all people to participate in marine ecological and environmental protection.
Deeply practice a green lifestyle. Everyone has the responsibility to protect the marine ecological environment. Advocate coastal civilized tourism, do not purchase rare marine biological products, do not disturb marine life, and do not abandon plastic waste into the sea, and consciously maintain marine ecological health. More and more people are reducing the consumption of bottled water, plastic bags, plastic tableware, etc. by bringing their own cups, bags, and tableware, reducing the amount of marine plastic waste produced from the source, and practicing green, low-carbon, and recycling. Lifestyle.
7. Carry out all-round international cooperation in marine ecological and environmental protection
Marine issues are global issues, and protecting the marine ecological environment is a concern of people around the world. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment adopted the "Declaration on the Human Environment", and marine environmental protection was included in the 26 principles, initiating global action for marine environmental protection. In 1982, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which opened a new chapter in global ocean governance and also made comprehensive and systematic provisions on marine environmental protection. The international community has successively adopted a series of marine environmental protection agreements to continuously promote the development of global marine protection. Countries around the world have further built consensus and gathered joint efforts to actively respond to marine ecological and environmental risks and challenges, and are committed to jointly building a clean and beautiful ocean. China firmly practices the concept of a community with a shared future for the ocean, carries out mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation with the international community through multiple channels, forms and in-depth levels, and contributes Chinese wisdom to global marine ecological and environmental protection.
(1) Actively fulfill the contract and participate in global governance
China adheres to the goal of well-being of all mankind, plays its role as a major country, effectively fulfills its responsibilities and obligations under international conventions in the maritime field, and demonstrates its responsibility as a major country with pragmatic actions.
Effectively fulfill the responsibilities and obligations of international conventions in the maritime field. Marine ecological and environmental issues cover a wide range of areas. China supports promoting global marine ecological and environmental protection from an overall perspective and actively promotes the implementation and effectiveness of sea-related international treaties, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In May 1996, China ratified its accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opening a new chapter in China's participation in global ocean governance. In addition, China has joined more than 30 multilateral treaties in the maritime field, including the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter and the Antarctic Treaty, demonstrating China's determination and responsibility in marine protection in broader and more detailed areas. Under the framework of international conventions, China has established a policy system around marine ecological and environmental protection, resource conservation, and polar activity management. It has taken the initiative to implement an autonomous fishing ban on the high seas, actively fulfilled environmental obligations such as environmental impact assessment of Antarctic expedition activities, and participated in the United Nations 'regular assessment of the state of the global marine environment., regularly publish progress reports on the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, national reports on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and national information circulars on climate change. Present to the international community the progress of China's actions in marine ecological environment protection, resource protection and other actions, and demonstrate China's tangible contribution in the implementation of various convention obligations.
Integrate and promote global ocean governance. China actively participates in the construction of global ocean governance mechanisms and promotes the construction of a more fair and reasonable global ocean governance system. Actively integrate into multilateral governance, actively participate in the affairs of international organizations such as the United Nations Environment Program, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, the International Seabed Authority, and the International Maritime Organization, and play an active role in the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Conference. Since 2012, more than 120 proposal documents have been submitted individually or jointly to relevant polar international organizations. Submitted more than 700 proposals of various types to international organizations such as the International Maritime Organization, and extensively participated in the formulation of systems and rules related to environmental protection and resource conservation. Promote multilateral processes such as the formulation of exploration and development regulations for the International Seabed Authority, the negotiation of agreements and regulations on fisheries issues of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the negotiation of the United Nations International Convention on the Prevention of Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, and deeply participate in the negotiation and implementation of the Agreement on the Prevention of Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean., prompted the nearly 20-year-old Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction to reach agreement and sign it as soon as possible. Make outstanding contributions to global ocean governance.
(2) Expand the "circle of friends" for maritime cooperation
There is a long way to go to deal with global marine ecological and environmental issues and requires extensive global participation and joint action. China adheres to multilateralism, develops blue partnerships with an open and pragmatic attitude, and joins hands with the international community to build a sea of prosperity and beauty shared by all countries.
Build broad blue partnerships. China and other countries discuss and jointly build a global blue partnership on the basis of voluntariness and cooperation. In 2017, China launched the "Building a Blue Partnership" initiative at the first United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to promote international cooperation in "cherishing the shared ocean and protecting the blue home." Subsequently, China issued the "Maritime Cooperation Concept for the Belt and Road" Construction "" The "Belt and Road""officially proposed to build a blue partnership. In September 2021,"Actively promoting the establishment of blue partnerships" was identified by the Global Development High-Level Dialogue as one of the specific measures taken by China under the framework of the Global Development Initiative. At the 2022 United Nations Oceans Conference, China issued the "Blue Partnership Principles" and launched the "Sustainable Blue Partnership Cooperation Network" and the "Blue Partnership Fund" to jointly carry out actions to protect and sustainably use oceans and marine resources. At present, it has signed intergovernmental and inter-departmental cooperation agreements in the marine field with more than 50 countries and international organizations jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, playing an important role in uniting all parties to effectively promote the protection of global marine ecological environment.
Expand maritime cooperation platforms and mechanisms. China regards marine ecological and environmental protection as a key content of cooperation, takes the initiative to build new platforms and mechanisms for global marine cooperation, and builds consensus among all parties. China leads cooperation based on platform construction, has taken the lead in establishing and operating the East Asia Ocean Cooperation Platform and the China-ASEAN Ocean Cooperation Center, and has carried out practical cooperation with East Asian and ASEAN countries on marine scientific research, ecological and environmental protection, disaster prevention and reduction, etc. Build an international cooperation mechanism for international organizations in China, including platforms such as the APEC Marine Sustainable Development Center and the "Ocean Decade" Ocean and Climate Collaboration Center, coordinate innovation and cooperation in the global ocean and climate fields, and promote the sharing and exchange of marine ecological and environmental protection among various countries. Useful experience plays an important role in jointly protecting the marine ecological and environmental environment.
Advocate and lead bilateral and multilateral cooperation. China adheres to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, and continuously expands the scope of foreign cooperation. China attaches great importance to dialogue and exchanges on multilateral platforms, and has successfully held a series of activities such as the "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum on Marine Cooperation, the Global Coastal Forum, the Guiyang International Forum on Ecological Civilization, and the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Forum to promote cooperation in marine ecology. New progress has been made in a series of fields such as protection and restoration, marine disaster monitoring and early warning, and marine plastic pollution prevention and control. China attaches great importance to mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation among countries, has established long-term bilateral maritime cooperation mechanisms with many countries, and continues to carry out cooperation and exchanges in many fields. China actively provides technical capacity support to developing countries and has jointly built joint marine research centers, joint laboratories, joint observation stations and other platforms with Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mozambique, Jamaica and other countries, playing a positive role in strengthening marine ecological and environmental protection in developing countries. Jointly with other countries to carry out projects such as research on endangered marine species, joint survey on the Yellow Sea environment, coral reef monitoring and data collection, and prevention and control of marine litter and microplastic pollution. The results of cooperation have injected more vitality into regional marine ecological and environmental protection.
(3) Expand cooperation in deep-sea polar scientific research
Protecting the deep-sea polar ecological environment is the common responsibility of mankind. As an important participant, powerful promoter and active practitioner of deep-sea polar affairs, China actively leads international deep-sea polar exploration and research, and works with the international community to promote the sustainable development of deep-sea polar affairs.
Collaborate to promote deep-sea research and exploration. Actively participate in international seabed affairs, scientifically coordinate deep-sea surveys, and strengthen deep-sea ecological and environmental protection. China has carried out more than 80 scientific surveys in the deep sea field, and conducted joint scientific surveys with Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Seychelles, Indonesia and other countries, making unremitting efforts for countries to deepen their understanding of the deep sea ecosystem. Using the results of geoscience surveys, since 2011, seabed naming proposals have been submitted to the International Sub-Commission on Nomenclature of Sub-seabed Geographical Entities for more than 10 consecutive years. Among them, 261 names have passed review, contributing to a clearer understanding of the deep-sea geographical environment for mankind. Based on the survey results of deep-sea biological resources, China has established a world-leading marine microbial resource bank with reserves and species, helping humans deepen their understanding of the life process of deep-sea organisms.
Jointly deepen polar awareness. China insists on protecting the natural environment of the North and South Poles in accordance with international law and actively participates in international cooperation to address environmental and climate change challenges in the North and South Poles. At the 40th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, China led more than 10 countries to jointly propose the "green expedition" initiative, which was adopted by the General Assembly in the form of a resolution, opening a new chapter in Antarctic expedition. Five Antarctic research stations have been built, and two Arctic research stations have been established in Norway and Iceland, providing an important platform for thousands of scientists to carry out polar observation, biomonitoring, glacier research, etc. It organized 13 Arctic Ocean scientific expeditions and 40 Antarctic scientific expeditions, signed memorandums of understanding or joint statements with the United States, Russia, Australia, Iceland, new Zealand and other countries, carried out international cooperation with more than 10 countries, participated as the main participating country in the largest Arctic scientific expedition plan to date, the "Arctic Climate Research Multidisciplinary Drifting Ice Station Plan", and took the lead in implementing the "International Arctic Ocean Mid-Ocean Ridge Joint Exploration Program". International cooperation, Cooperate with many countries to implement the mission of the Antarctic Ice Sheet "Ring" Action Group of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, and make positive contributions to mankind's in-depth understanding of the impact of the polar regions on the global marine ecosystem.
(4) Carry out extensive foreign aid training
Faced with the global challenge of the deterioration of the marine ecological environment, all countries are a community with a shared future in the same boat. China unites and cooperates with the international community to benefit other countries and people while realizing its own development, and contribute China's strength to deepening global marine ecological and environmental protection.
Carry out extensive foreign assistance. Through various means, China does its best to provide support and assistance to developing countries in coping with marine ecological and environmental issues. In 2012, China launched the "Chinese Government Marine Scholarship" project to train more than 300 master's and doctoral students in marine-related majors in 45 countries including countries co-building the "Belt and Road", and to train young marine science talents and management talents for developing countries. Provide technical assistance to Thailand, Cambodia, Cape Verde and other countries in marine spatial planning, marine economic planning, sea level rise assessment, etc. Hold a technical seminar on marine dumping management under the London Convention and its 1996 Protocol to disseminate marine ecological and environmental protection concepts and technologies to African and Latin American countries.
Actively carry out external training. China has built a number of centers, including the China-International Seabed Authority Joint Training and Research Center, the International Ocean Institution-China Western Pacific Regional Center, the IOC Regional Center for Ocean Dynamics and Climate Training and Research, and the Tianjin Regional Training Center of the Global Ocean Teachers College to create a platform for marine education, training and public ocean awareness in developing countries. Organize unique training courses to actively share knowledge and practical experience in comprehensive coastal zone management, ocean governance and marine ecological and environmental protection. About 500 people are trained every year, making positive contributions to improving the technical capabilities of scientific researchers in marine ecological and environmental protection in developing countries.
concluding remarks
The ocean is the blue home on which mankind relies for survival. Faced with the global challenge of marine environmental issues, all mankind is a community with a shared future that shares weal and woe. Protecting the marine ecological environment and promoting sustainable development of the ocean are the common responsibilities of all mankind.
At present, China has embarked on a new journey of comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese-style modernization, and the marine industry has ushered in a period of major historical opportunities. Protecting the marine ecological environment is the fundamental requirement and basic guarantee for accelerating the construction of a maritime power and achieving harmonious coexistence between people and sea.
On the new journey, China adheres to new development concepts, promotes the construction of ecological civilization, and continues to build a marine ecological environment where people and sea are harmonious. China adheres to the spirit of keeping the world in mind and win-win cooperation, and practices the concept of a community with a shared future for the ocean with practical actions. It is willing to work with other countries in the world to build the foundation of marine ecological civilization and follow the path of green ocean development, so that the ocean will always become a place where mankind can live., a beautiful home for development, and jointly build a cleaner and more beautiful world.
①: Section refers to the entire section set on a river or channel perpendicular to the direction of water flow for measuring and collecting water quality samples. State-controlled sections refer to the national surface water environmental quality evaluation, assessment, and ranking monitoring sections (points) arranged by China.
